Understanding Hard Lighting: Key Characteristics and Techniques

Hard lighting is a type of lighting that creates sharp shadows and distinct contrasts. It is often used in photography and filmmaking to create a sense of drama and tension. In this article, we will explore the key characteristics of hard lighting and the techniques used to achieve it. We will discuss the difference between hard and soft lighting, the quality of light, and the impact of hard lighting on the mood and tone of a scene. By understanding the characteristics of hard lighting, you can use it to enhance your photography and storytelling skills.

What is Hard Lighting?

Definition and Explanation

Hard lighting is a type of lighting technique that is characterized by a high level of contrast and shadows. This lighting style is created when the light source is positioned at a 90-degree angle to the subject or object being lit. This results in a more defined and harsh appearance, with clear shadows and strong highlights. Hard lighting is often used in photography, film, and video production to create a dramatic effect or to emphasize specific features of a subject. It can also be used to create a sense of depth and dimension, as the shadows created by hard lighting can add volume to an object or subject. However, it’s important to note that hard lighting can also be overpowering and harsh, so it’s important to use it judiciously and in the right context.

Differences between Hard and Soft Lighting

Hard lighting and soft lighting are two distinct methods of illuminating a scene in photography and cinematography. Understanding the differences between the two is crucial to achieving the desired visual effects and mood in a shot.

Hard Lighting

Hard lighting is characterized by a strong, direct light source that produces sharp shadows and distinct highlights. This type of lighting creates a high level of contrast in the scene, which can be used to create dramatic effects or emphasize specific elements. Hard lighting is often associated with harsh or artificial light sources, such as flash or spotlights.

Soft Lighting

Soft lighting, on the other hand, is characterized by a diffused or indirect light source that produces soft shadows and subtle highlights. This type of lighting creates a lower level of contrast in the scene, which can be used to create a more natural or flattering look. Soft lighting is often associated with natural light sources, such as sunlight filtered through a cloudy sky or a large softbox.

Key Differences

The key differences between hard and soft lighting are:

• Intensity: Hard lighting is characterized by a high intensity light source, while soft lighting is characterized by a low intensity light source.
• Shadows: Hard lighting produces sharp, distinct shadows, while soft lighting produces soft, subtle shadows.
• Contrast: Hard lighting creates a high level of contrast in the scene, while soft lighting creates a lower level of contrast.
• Mood: Hard lighting can create a dramatic or intense mood, while soft lighting can create a more natural or flattering mood.

Understanding the differences between hard and soft lighting is essential for photographers and filmmakers, as it allows them to choose the appropriate lighting technique for the desired effect or mood in a scene.

Characteristics of Hard Lighting

Directional Quality

Hard lighting is characterized by its directional quality, which refers to the way it produces clear, distinct shadows and highlights. This type of lighting is often used in photography and film to create a sense of depth and dimension, as well as to emphasize certain features or aspects of a subject.

One of the key characteristics of hard lighting is its strong contrast between light and shadow. This is achieved by using a single light source that is positioned at a 90-degree angle to the subject, creating a sharp, defined shadow. The resulting image has a sense of drama and impact, as the shadows create clear outlines and shapes.

Another characteristic of hard lighting is its ability to create a sense of volume and dimension. By using a light source that is positioned at a high angle, the shadows fall in a particular direction, creating a sense of depth and three-dimensionality. This can be particularly effective when photographing objects or scenes with a lot of detail, as it helps to draw the viewer’s eye to specific areas.

Overall, the directional quality of hard lighting is what sets it apart from other types of lighting. Its ability to create strong contrast and depth makes it a popular choice for photographers and filmmakers looking to create a particular mood or effect.

Harsh Shadows

Hard lighting creates harsh shadows that are dramatic and create strong contrast. These shadows are characterized by sharp edges and minimal fill-in, resulting in a highly defined and dramatic look.

Here are some key points to consider when working with harsh shadows in hard lighting:

• Shadows are an essential element of lighting design, as they help to create depth and dimension in a scene.
• In hard lighting, shadows are typically sharp and have well-defined edges, creating a dramatic look.
• The position of the light source and the objects in the scene can affect the shape and size of the shadows, making it important to consider these factors when designing a lighting plan.
• To soften harsh shadows, you can use light modifiers such as diffusers or softboxes, or adjust the angle of the light source.
• When using harsh shadows in a scene, it’s important to consider the mood and tone you want to create, as well as the message you want to convey to the audience.

High Contrast

Hard lighting is known for its high contrast, which creates a dramatic and intense visual effect. This characteristic is achieved by using a single light source that produces a strong, directional light. The light is usually positioned at a 90-degree angle to the subject, resulting in sharp shadows and distinct highlights.

The high contrast in hard lighting can be further enhanced by adjusting the intensity of the light source. By increasing the intensity, the shadows become more pronounced, creating a more dramatic effect. On the other hand, decreasing the intensity can create a softer, more subtle contrast.

One of the key benefits of high contrast in hard lighting is that it can add depth and dimension to a scene. The strong shadows and highlights create a sense of separation between different elements in the scene, making them appear more distinct and defined. This can be particularly useful in creating a sense of drama or tension in a scene.

However, it’s important to note that high contrast can also be challenging to work with. It can create harsh shadows that may be unflattering to the subject, and it can be difficult to balance the lighting to achieve a natural-looking result. As such, it’s important to carefully consider the specific needs of the scene and the subject when using hard lighting with high contrast.

Specular Reflections

Specular reflections are a characteristic of hard lighting that occurs when light is reflected from a surface at a sharp angle, creating a mirror-like reflection. This type of reflection is often seen in shiny or reflective surfaces, such as metallic or glass surfaces.

When light hits a surface at a sharp angle, it is reflected back in a single direction, creating a bright, contrasty reflection. This type of reflection can create a sense of depth and dimensionality in a scene, as well as highlight certain areas or objects.

However, specular reflections can also be a challenge for photographers and filmmakers, as they can create glare and distract from the subject. To avoid this, it is important to carefully position the light source and adjust the angle of the surface to avoid creating unwanted reflections.

Additionally, specular reflections can be used creatively to add interest and depth to a scene. By strategically placing a light source at a low angle, photographers and filmmakers can create dramatic reflections on surfaces such as water or wet pavement. This can add a sense of movement and energy to a scene, and create a dynamic visual effect.

Applications of Hard Lighting

Studio Photography

Hard lighting is a popular technique used in studio photography because of its ability to create distinct shadows and highlights, which can be used to add depth and dimension to a subject. This type of lighting is ideal for creating dramatic portraits, fashion photography, and still-life images.

Some key characteristics of hard lighting in studio photography include:

• Harsh shadows: Hard lighting creates strong shadows that are usually harsh and have a clear outline. These shadows can be used to create a sense of depth and contrast in an image.
• Contrast: Hard lighting produces high contrast between light and dark areas in an image, which can help to create a sense of drama and tension.
• Sharp edges: Hard lighting can create sharp edges and defined shapes, which is useful for creating crisp, clean images.

Some techniques for using hard lighting in studio photography include:

• Positioning the light source: The position of the light source can greatly affect the quality of the light in an image. In hard lighting, the light source is usually positioned close to the subject, which creates strong shadows and highlights.
• Direction of the light: The direction of the light can also affect the quality of the light in an image. In hard lighting, the light is usually positioned at a high angle, which creates strong shadows and highlights.
• Experimenting with different modifiers: There are many different modifiers that can be used with hard lighting, such as softboxes, umbrellas, and reflectors. Experimenting with different modifiers can help to create different effects and achieve a desired look.

Overall, hard lighting is a versatile technique that can be used in a variety of ways in studio photography. By understanding its key characteristics and techniques, photographers can create images that are dramatic, dynamic, and full of contrast.

Portrait Photography

When it comes to portrait photography, hard lighting is a popular choice among photographers due to its ability to create strong contrast and highlights. This type of lighting is particularly useful when capturing the details of a subject’s face, as it can create sharp shadows and define the contours of the face.

One technique that is commonly used in hard lighting portrait photography is the use of a single light source, such as a flash or a strobe, placed at a 90-degree angle to the subject. This creates a hard, directional light that can create strong shadows and highlights, adding depth and dimension to the subject’s face.

Another technique that is often used in hard lighting portrait photography is the use of reflectors. By placing a reflector on the opposite side of the light source, photographers can bounce the light back onto the subject’s face, creating even more contrast and highlights.

In addition to these techniques, photographers may also use fill light to soften the shadows and create a more even lighting setup. However, it’s important to be careful when using fill light, as too much fill light can wash out the subject’s face and reduce the contrast and definition that hard lighting is known for.

Overall, hard lighting is a versatile and powerful tool in portrait photography, allowing photographers to create striking and dramatic images that showcase the details and contours of a subject’s face. Whether you’re a professional photographer or a hobbyist, understanding the key characteristics and techniques of hard lighting can help you take your portrait photography to the next level.

Product Photography

Hard lighting is often used in product photography because it can create sharp shadows and highlights that draw attention to the product’s details and textures. This type of lighting is particularly useful for photographing small or intricate objects, such as jewelry or electronics, as it can help to create a sense of depth and dimension.

In product photography, hard lighting is often achieved by using a single light source, such as a flash or a strobe light, positioned at a 90-degree angle to the product. This type of lighting setup is known as “side lighting” and can create strong contrast between the light and dark areas of the image.

To achieve the best results with hard lighting in product photography, it is important to consider the angle of the light source and the position of the product relative to the light. By adjusting the angle and position of the light, photographers can create different effects, such as highlighting specific features of the product or creating a sense of depth and dimension.

In addition to side lighting, other techniques such as “top lighting” and “butterfly lighting” can also be used with hard lighting in product photography. Top lighting involves positioning the light source above the product, while butterfly lighting involves using two lights positioned on either side of the product to create a “butterfly” shape on the image.

Overall, hard lighting is a versatile and effective technique for product photography, as it can help to create sharp shadows and highlights that draw attention to the product’s details and textures. By adjusting the angle and position of the light source, photographers can create different effects and achieve the best results for their product photos.

Techniques for Using Hard Lighting

Diffusion Materials

Diffusion materials are an essential tool for photographers and filmmakers who want to soften the harsh effects of hard lighting. These materials are designed to scatter light, which helps to reduce contrast and create a more even lighting effect.

There are several types of diffusion materials available, including:

1. Translucent Diffusion Materials: These materials are made of a thin, transparent fabric that is used to cover lights or to diffuse light through a window. They are effective at reducing harsh shadows and reflections, while still allowing some light to pass through.
2. Reflective Diffusion Materials: These materials are designed to reflect light, rather than scatter it. They are typically used to soften hard shadows by bouncing light back into the scene. Reflective diffusion materials can be especially useful when working with small lights or when you need to diffuse light in a tight space.
3. Softboxes: Softboxes are a type of diffuser that is designed to fit around a light source. They are made of a material that scatters light, which helps to create a soft, even lighting effect. Softboxes are available in a range of sizes and shapes, and they are an excellent option for photographers who want to create a soft, diffused light without using a lot of additional equipment.

By using diffusion materials, photographers and filmmakers can control the harsh effects of hard lighting and create a more pleasing, flattering lighting effect. These materials are essential tools for anyone who wants to create professional-looking images, whether they are working in a studio or on location.

Modifiers

When it comes to using hard lighting, one of the key techniques is to utilize modifiers. These are devices that can be attached to your light source to modify the light’s quality and direction. Some common modifiers include:

1. Softboxes: A softbox is a box-shaped modifier that fits around your light source and diffuses the light, making it softer and more diffused. This is great for creating a soft, flattering light that’s perfect for portraits and close-ups.
2. Barndoors: Barndoors are a set of metal leaves that fit around your light source and allow you to control the direction of the light. They’re great for creating precise, directional light that’s perfect for product photography and still life shots.
3. Grids: Grids are similar to barndoors, but instead of leaves, they have a series of metal bars that help to shape the light. Grids are great for creating a specific pattern of light, such as a rectangle or square, which is perfect for creating textured backgrounds and lighting specific areas of a scene.
4. Snoots: A snoot is a tube-shaped modifier that fits around your light source and limits the light to a small, focused area. This is great for creating a spotlight effect or for lighting a specific part of a scene.

By using these modifiers, you can control the quality and direction of your hard light, creating the desired effect for your shot. Whether you’re using a softbox to create a soft, flattering light or a snoot to create a spotlight effect, these modifiers are an essential tool for any photographer looking to master hard lighting techniques.

Light Placement

Hard lighting is characterized by sharp shadows and strong contrast, and the technique of light placement plays a crucial role in achieving this effect. In order to create a hard lighting effect, it is important to position the light source close to the subject and at a high angle. This will create sharp shadows and a dramatic, edgy look.

Here are some key tips for effective light placement in hard lighting:

• Position the light source at a 45-degree angle to the subject, which will create strong shadows and contrast.
• Experiment with the distance between the light source and the subject to achieve the desired level of contrast and sharpness.
• Use multiple light sources to create a more dynamic and interesting hard lighting effect.
• Consider the shape and size of the subject when determining the placement of the light source. For example, a rectangular light source may be more appropriate for a rectangular object, while a round light source may be better suited for a round object.
• Experiment with different types of light sources, such as flash, strobe, or continuous light, to see which one works best for your particular subject and shooting situation.

Overall, the key to effective light placement in hard lighting is to experiment and pay close attention to the shape, size, and texture of the subject, as well as the desired effect and mood of the final image.

Examples of Hard Lighting in Famous Artworks

Rembrandt Lighting

Rembrandt lighting is a technique that was famously used by the Dutch painter Rembrandt van Rijn. It is characterized by a strong, directional light source that creates sharp shadows and highlights. This lighting style is often used to create dramatic effects and add depth and dimension to a scene.

In Rembrandt lighting, the subject is usually lit from one side, with the light source positioned high and off to one side. This creates a clear, well-defined shadow on the opposite side of the subject, often known as the “contrasting light.” The result is a dynamic, three-dimensional image that draws the viewer’s attention to the subject.

Rembrandt lighting is particularly effective for portraits, as it can add depth and character to the subject’s face. It can also be used to create a sense of mystery or drama, as the strong shadows and highlights can create a sense of uncertainty about the subject’s identity or surroundings.

One famous example of Rembrandt lighting can be seen in Rembrandt’s own self-portraits, in which he often positioned himself in front of a window to create a strong, directional light source. Other artists who have used Rembrandt lighting in their work include Caravaggio, Vermeer, and Goya.

Overall, Rembrandt lighting is a powerful technique that can add depth, drama, and emotion to a scene. By using a strong, directional light source, artists can create dynamic images that draw the viewer’s attention and tell a story.

Chiaroscuro

Chiaroscuro is a technique used in art to create contrast between light and dark areas, often using strong shadows and highlights. It is a key characteristic of hard lighting and can be seen in many famous artworks.

Some examples of chiaroscuro in famous artworks include:

• Caravaggio’s “The Calling of Saint Matthew”: This painting features dramatic contrasts between light and dark, with the figure of Saint Matthew being illuminated by a bright shaft of light.
• Rembrandt’s “The Night Watch”: This painting uses chiaroscuro to create a sense of drama and movement, with the figures in the foreground cast in strong shadows.
• Vermeer’s “Girl with a Pearl Earring”: This painting uses chiaroscuro to create a sense of depth and dimension, with the subject’s face and hand illuminated by a bright light source.

These examples demonstrate how chiaroscuro can be used to create mood, drama, and depth in a painting, and how it is a key characteristic of hard lighting.

Tenebrism

Tenebrism is a technique in art that uses strong contrasts of light and shadow to create a dramatic effect. It was popularized in the Baroque period and is characterized by a highly illuminated subject placed against a dark background. The subject is often portrayed in a heroic or powerful manner, with the use of bold shadows and highlights to create a sense of drama and intensity. Tenebrism was used by many famous artists, including Caravaggio, Rembrandt, and Velázquez, to create striking and memorable works of art.

Tips for Achieving Desirable Results with Hard Lighting

Experimentation

• One of the most effective ways to achieve desirable results with hard lighting is to experiment with different techniques and setups.
• Try adjusting the distance between the light source and the subject, as well as the angle of the light, to see how it affects the final image.
• Experiment with different modifiers, such as softboxes or snoots, to control the shape and intensity of the light.
• Don’t be afraid to try new things and see what works best for your specific situation.
• Experimentation is key to understanding hard lighting and achieving the desired results.

Lighting Ratio

One of the most crucial aspects of achieving desirable results with hard lighting is understanding and controlling the lighting ratio. The lighting ratio refers to the relative balance between the ambient or ambient light and the direct light in a scene.

The lighting ratio is typically expressed as a ratio of the ambient light to the direct light, such as a 3:1 or 4:1 ratio. In general, a higher ratio of ambient light to direct light will create a softer, more diffused look, while a lower ratio of ambient light to direct light will create a harder, more contrasty look.

When using hard lighting, it’s important to keep the lighting ratio in mind to achieve the desired look. A lower lighting ratio, such as a 2:1 or 1:1 ratio, will create a harder, more dramatic look, while a higher lighting ratio, such as a 4:1 or 5:1 ratio, will create a softer, more subtle look.

It’s also important to note that the lighting ratio can be adjusted by changing the distance between the light source and the subject, as well as the size and shape of the light source. Experimenting with different lighting ratios and techniques can help you achieve the desired look for your scene.

Balancing Light Intensity

One of the most important aspects of achieving desirable results with hard lighting is balancing the light intensity. Hard lighting produces strong shadows and contrast, which can create a dramatic look but can also be harsh and unflattering if not properly balanced. Here are some tips for balancing light intensity in hard lighting:

• Adjust the distance between the light source and the subject: Moving the light source closer to the subject will increase the light intensity, while moving it further away will decrease it.
• Use a diffuser: A diffuser can be used to soften the light and reduce its intensity, which can help create a more balanced look.
• Experiment with different lighting ratios: The lighting ratio refers to the relative intensity of the highlights and shadows in an image. A low lighting ratio (i.e., a high contrast image) can create a dramatic look, but it can also be harsh and unflattering. Experimenting with different lighting ratios can help you find the right balance for your subject and the mood you want to create.
• Consider the time of day: The time of day can affect the intensity of the light, with harder lighting typically occurring in the middle of the day and softer lighting in the early morning or late afternoon. Consider the time of day when planning your lighting setup to ensure that the light intensity is appropriate for the mood you want to create.

By balancing the light intensity in hard lighting, you can create a dramatic look that is both visually appealing and flattering to your subject.

Fill Lights

In the world of photography and cinematography, fill lights play a crucial role in creating the desired aesthetic and mood for a scene. They are designed to soften and diffuse harsh shadows cast by a main light source, providing a more even and balanced lighting effect. In this section, we will delve into the characteristics and techniques associated with fill lights in hard lighting scenarios.

1. Function and Purpose:
   • Fill lights are secondary light sources used to reduce the impact of hard shadows created by the main light source.
   • They work by illuminating the areas adjacent to the subject, gently filling in the shadows and providing a more uniform light distribution.
   • Fill lights are especially useful when working with subjects that have distinct edges or strong features, as they help to create a softer, more flattering look.
2. Placement and Angle:
   • Fill lights are typically placed at a 90-degree angle to the main light source, opposite the subject.
   • The placement of fill lights should be considered in relation to the main light source and the subject, with the goal of providing balanced and even lighting across the subject’s face or body.
   • Fill lights can be positioned at various heights depending on the desired effect, but it is important to ensure that they are not placed too close to the subject, as this can result in unflattering shadows.
3. Intensity and Power:
   • Fill lights should be set at a lower intensity than the main light source to avoid overpowering the subject with light.
   • The power of fill lights can be adjusted by changing the wattage of the bulb or by using dimmers to fine-tune the intensity.
   • It is important to strike a balance between the intensity of the fill light and the main light source to achieve the desired level of contrast and depth in the final image.
4. Color Temperature and Quality:
   • Fill lights can be used with either warm or cool light sources, depending on the desired effect and the mood of the scene.
   • The quality of the light produced by fill lights can be influenced by factors such as the bulb type, color temperature, and reflectivity of the surfaces surrounding the light source.
   • Choosing the right fill light for a particular setup may involve experimenting with different bulbs, color temperatures, and positions to achieve the desired look.
5. Softening Techniques:
   • To further soften the light produced by fill lights, it is possible to incorporate additional diffusing materials such as softboxes, umbrellas, or scrims.
   • These diffusing elements help to distribute the light more evenly and reduce the appearance of harsh shadows, resulting in a more pleasing and flattering light.
   • The choice of diffusing material will depend on the specific needs of the setup and the desired effect, and may require some trial and error to achieve the best results.

Recap of Key Points

1. Light Intensity: Adjust the intensity of the light source to control the degree of hard lighting. A higher intensity will result in more contrast and shadows.
2. Distance from the Subject: Position the light source at a distance from the subject to create desired highlights and shadows. Closer proximity will result in harsher lighting.
3. Surface Reflection: Consider the reflective qualities of the surfaces where the light will fall. This can help create desired highlights or reduce harshness.
4. Shadow Direction: Pay attention to the direction of shadows to create a desired mood or effect. Hard lighting often results in sharp, dark shadows.
5. Combination with Soft Lighting: Combine hard lighting with soft lighting techniques to create a more balanced and visually appealing result.
6. Time of Day: Utilize the natural hard lighting conditions of early morning or late afternoon for outdoor shoots.
7. Reflectors and Diffusers: Use reflectors and diffusers to control the direction and intensity of the light, reducing harshness and creating desired effects.
8. Light Modifiers: Experiment with different light modifiers such as barn doors, flags, or gels to shape and control the light.
9. Camera Settings: Adjust camera settings like aperture, shutter speed, and ISO to enhance the hard lighting effect or to counteract overexposure.
10. Experimentation: Be open to trying different setups and techniques to find the best hard lighting solution for your specific project or scene.

Future Directions for Hard Lighting Research and Practice

Advancements in Technology and Hard Lighting

As technology continues to advance, new possibilities for hard lighting techniques and effects are being explored. Researchers and practitioners are looking into the integration of virtual reality, augmented reality, and motion capture technology to create more dynamic and interactive hard lighting environments.

The Impact of Sustainability on Hard Lighting

With increasing concern for the environment, sustainability has become a crucial consideration in the field of lighting design. Researchers are investigating ways to make hard lighting more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly, while still achieving the desired aesthetic and functional goals.

The Intersection of Art and Technology in Hard Lighting

As technology continues to play an increasingly prominent role in the field of lighting design, there is a growing interest in exploring the intersection of art and technology in hard lighting. Researchers and practitioners are examining how cutting-edge technology can be used to create new forms of artistic expression and push the boundaries of what is possible with hard lighting.

The Role of Hard Lighting in Architecture and Urban Planning

As cities continue to grow and evolve, the role of lighting in architecture and urban planning is becoming increasingly important. Researchers are exploring how hard lighting can be used to enhance the visual appeal and functionality of buildings and public spaces, while also creating a sense of place and identity for cities and communities.

The Importance of Education and Training in Hard Lighting

As the field of hard lighting continues to evolve, education and training are becoming increasingly important. Researchers and practitioners are working to develop new educational programs and training opportunities to ensure that the next generation of lighting designers and technicians have the skills and knowledge needed to push the boundaries of hard lighting and create innovative and inspiring lighting designs.

FAQs

1. What is hard lighting?

Hard lighting is a type of lighting that produces sharp shadows and clear, well-defined edges. It is created when the light source is positioned at a 90-degree angle to the subject, producing a harsh, direct light that creates strong contrasts and highlights.

2. What are the characteristics of hard lighting?

The characteristics of hard lighting include:
* Sharp shadows
* Clear, well-defined edges
* Strong contrasts
* High intensity
* Direct lighting
* No fill light

3. What are some techniques for using hard lighting?

Some techniques for using hard lighting include:
* Using a single light source to create strong shadows and highlights
* Positioning the light source at a 90-degree angle to the subject
* Using a reflector to bounce light back onto the subject and create more contrast
* Using a small light source, such as a spotlight, to create a more focused beam of light
* Using a high-intensity light source, such as a flash, to create a more dramatic effect.

4. What are some examples of situations where hard lighting might be used?

Some examples of situations where hard lighting might be used include:
* In fashion photography to create a dramatic, edgy look
* In product photography to showcase the details of a product
* In portrait photography to create a strong, dynamic portrait
* In still life photography to create a sense of drama and contrast.

5. What are some disadvantages of using hard lighting?

Some disadvantages of using hard lighting include:
* It can create harsh shadows and unflattering highlights
* It can wash out the colors of the subject
* It can be difficult to work with, as it requires careful placement of the light source and adjustment of the exposure settings.

6. How can hard lighting be modified to create a softer effect?

Hard lighting can be modified to create a softer effect by:
* Using a softbox or umbrella to diffuse the light
* Positioning the light source at a lower angle to the subject
* Using a fill light to reduce the intensity of the shadows
* Using a smaller light source, such as a spotlight, and positioning it at a lower angle to create a more gradual transition from light to shadow.

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