Are you a freelance photographer looking to take your business to the next level? Whether you’re just starting out or looking to upgrade your current equipment, it’s important to have the right tools to succeed in this competitive industry. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll cover the essential equipment that every freelance photographer should have in their arsenal. From cameras and lenses to lighting and editing software, we’ll break down each item and explain why it’s important for your business. So, whether you’re on a tight budget or looking to invest in top-of-the-line equipment, this guide has got you covered. Get ready to elevate your photography game with the essential equipment for freelance photographers.
Camera and Lenses
DSLR or Mirrorless Cameras
Choosing the right camera is crucial for any freelance photographer. The two main types of cameras are DSLR (Digital Single-Lens Reflex) and mirrorless cameras. Both have their advantages and disadvantages, and the best choice depends on the photographer’s specific needs and preferences.
Key Features to Consider
When selecting a camera, consider the following key features:
- Autofocus System: A reliable autofocus system is essential for capturing sharp images, especially when shooting fast-moving subjects or in challenging lighting conditions.
- Low-Light Performance: A camera’s low-light performance will determine its ability to capture quality images in low-light environments, such as indoor events or nighttime scenes.
- Video Recording Capabilities: Many photographers also require a camera with good video recording capabilities for commercial or editorial assignments.
- Battery Life: A camera’s battery life is an important consideration, especially when shooting all day at weddings or other events.
Budget-Friendly Options
There are many budget-friendly options available for both DSLR and mirrorless cameras. For DSLR cameras, entry-level models from Canon, Nikon, and Sony offer excellent performance at a reasonable price. Mirrorless camera options include models from brands such as Fujifilm, Olympus, and Panasonic, which offer similar performance at a lower cost.
It is essential to consider the camera’s features, performance, and compatibility with lenses when making a decision. Additionally, researching and reading reviews can help in selecting the best camera for a freelance photographer’s needs and budget.
Prime Lenses
Fixed Focal Lengths
In photography, a prime lens refers to a fixed focal length, which means that the lens has a single focal length and does not zoom in or out. This lack of flexibility is compensated by the superior image quality that prime lenses offer. The fixed focal length encourages photographers to think more creatively about their composition, as they cannot simply zoom in or out to change the shot. For freelance photographers, this limitation can be an advantage, as it forces them to be more deliberate and intentional in their photography.
Image Quality and Sharpness
Prime lenses are renowned for their superior image quality and sharpness compared to zoom lenses. This is because prime lenses have fewer moving parts and a simpler design, which results in less optical distortion and greater image clarity. Additionally, prime lenses often have larger apertures, which allow for more light to enter the camera and produce sharper images with greater detail. This is particularly important for freelance photographers who may be working in low-light conditions or capturing fast-moving subjects.
Aperture and Bokeh
One of the most appealing features of prime lenses is their ability to produce a shallow depth of field, which creates a beautiful bokeh effect. Bokeh refers to the quality of the out-of-focus areas in an image, and prime lenses are particularly adept at producing a smooth and pleasing bokeh. This is due to their large apertures, which allow for more control over the depth of field and enable photographers to isolate their subject and blur the background. This effect is particularly useful for portrait and fashion photography, where the subject’s appearance and the overall aesthetic are of utmost importance.
Weather-Sealing and Durability
Finally, prime lenses are often weather-sealed and more durable than zoom lenses. This means that they can withstand harsh weather conditions and rough handling, making them ideal for photographers who work in challenging environments. This is particularly important for freelance photographers who may be working in harsh weather conditions or traveling to remote locations. Investing in a prime lens that is weather-sealed can provide peace of mind and ensure that their equipment can withstand the demands of their work.
Zoom Lenses
Focal Length Range
Zoom lenses are a versatile option for freelance photographers as they offer a range of focal lengths in a single lens. These lenses allow photographers to zoom in and out to capture images at different distances, making them ideal for a variety of shooting scenarios. Many zoom lenses have a focal length range of 24-70mm, which covers everything from wide-angle shots to telephoto shots.
Aperture and Image Stabilization
Another important feature of zoom lenses is their aperture range. Aperture refers to the size of the lens’s aperture, which controls the amount of light that enters the camera. A wider aperture allows for more light to enter the camera, which is useful in low-light situations. Some zoom lenses also have image stabilization technology, which helps to reduce camera shake and produce sharper images.
Autofocus Performance
Autofocus performance is another key factor to consider when choosing a zoom lens. Most modern zoom lenses have fast and accurate autofocus systems, which allow photographers to quickly and easily focus on their subjects. Some lenses also have advanced autofocus technologies, such as silent autofocus, which is ideal for video recording.
Weight and Compactness
Finally, it’s important to consider the weight and compactness of a zoom lens. Many zoom lenses are relatively lightweight and compact, making them easy to carry around and use on the go. This is especially important for freelance photographers who may need to travel to different locations for shoots. Some zoom lenses are also weather-sealed, which makes them resistant to dust, moisture, and other elements, making them ideal for outdoor shoots.
Macro Lenses
Macro lenses are an essential piece of equipment for photographers who specialize in close-up photography. These lenses are designed to capture intricate details and textures of small objects or subjects, and they are perfect for shooting everything from flowers to insects to jewelry.
Close-Up Photography
Close-up photography is all about capturing the finest details of a subject. With a macro lens, you can get incredibly close to your subject, allowing you to capture the smallest details and textures. Whether you’re shooting a flower, an insect, or a piece of jewelry, a macro lens will allow you to capture the intricate details that make your subject unique.
Reproduction Ratio
Reproduction ratio is a term used to describe the size of the subject that can be captured using a macro lens. This ratio is calculated by dividing the size of the subject by the size of the image on the camera sensor. A macro lens with a reproduction ratio of 1:1 can capture an image that is life-size on the camera sensor, while a lens with a reproduction ratio of 1:2 can capture an image that is twice the size of the subject.
Optical Quality and Sharpness
Macro lenses are designed to capture sharp images with high optical quality. These lenses have special glass elements that help to reduce distortion and chromatic aberration, resulting in crisp, clear images with accurate colors. Additionally, many macro lenses have built-in image stabilization, which helps to reduce camera shake and blur when shooting handheld.
In summary, macro lenses are an essential piece of equipment for freelance photographers who specialize in close-up photography. These lenses allow you to capture intricate details and textures of small objects or subjects, and they are perfect for shooting everything from flowers to insects to jewelry. With a macro lens, you can achieve a high reproduction ratio, resulting in images that are sharp and full of detail. Additionally, many macro lenses have special glass elements and built-in image stabilization, which help to reduce distortion, chromatic aberration, and camera shake.
Accessories
Tripods and Monopods
Stability and Versatility
When it comes to photography, stability and versatility are two crucial factors that every photographer looks for in a tripod or monopod. A sturdy tripod or monopod ensures that your camera remains steady and does not wobble, resulting in blurry images. It is essential to choose a tripod or monopod that can handle the weight of your camera and lens combination, as well as provide sufficient height and adjustability to accommodate different shooting situations.
Height Adjustment and Leg Locks
A good tripod or monopod should have adjustable height and leg locks that allow you to adjust the height and position of the camera easily. Look for tripods or monopods with smooth and precise height adjustments, as well as secure leg locks that keep the tripod or monopod stable in various shooting positions.
Carrying a heavy tripod or monopod can be cumbersome, especially when you are working on location for extended periods. Therefore, it is essential to choose a tripod or monopod that is lightweight and compact, making it easy to carry and transport. Look for tripods or monopods that fold down to a smaller size, and consider investing in a carrying case or bag to protect your equipment during transportation.
Camera Bags
Protection and Organization
When it comes to protecting and organizing your photography equipment, a good camera bag is essential. Not only does it keep your gear safe from bumps and bruises, but it also helps you stay organized and efficient while on the go. A high-quality camera bag should have ample padding and compartments to keep your camera, lenses, and other accessories secure and easily accessible. Consider investing in a bag with adjustable dividers and pockets to accommodate your specific needs.
Comfort and Carrying Capacity
A camera bag should not only protect your gear but also be comfortable to carry. Look for a bag with a sturdy handle and comfortable shoulder straps, as well as multiple carrying options, such as a backpack or sling. Consider the weight of your gear and choose a bag that can handle it without causing discomfort. A well-designed camera bag can make a big difference in your overall shooting experience, so it’s worth investing in a high-quality one.
Water Resistance and Durability
When it comes to outdoor photography, a water-resistant camera bag is a must-have. Look for a bag made with waterproof materials or one that is designed to keep your gear dry in wet conditions. Additionally, consider a bag with reinforced stitching and durable zippers to ensure it can withstand the wear and tear of regular use. A sturdy and reliable camera bag is an investment that will pay off in the long run, so it’s worth putting some extra thought into your purchase.
Filters
Filters are an essential accessory for freelance photographers, as they help to enhance the quality of their images and protect their equipment. There are several types of filters that photographers may need, including polarizing filters, UV filters, circular polarizers, graduated ND filters, and variable ND filters.
Polarizing Filters
Polarizing filters are used to reduce glare and reflections in images, and to enhance the saturation and contrast of colors. They work by filtering out polarized light, which can cause reflections and glare. Polarizing filters are especially useful for landscape and nature photography, as they can help to bring out the vibrant colors of the sky and water.
UV Filters
UV filters are used to protect the lens from dust, dirt, and other debris, as well as from ultraviolet light. UV light can cause lens flare and can also reduce the clarity and sharpness of images. UV filters are a basic necessity for any photographer, as they help to keep the lens clean and protected.
Circular Polarizers
Circular polarizers are similar to polarizing filters, but they are designed to be used with a wider range of lenses and camera systems. They work by reducing reflections and glare, and by enhancing the saturation and contrast of colors. Circular polarizers are especially useful for portrait and fashion photography, as they can help to reduce reflections and glare from surfaces like skin and glass.
Graduated ND Filters
Graduated ND filters are used to create a graduated transition from light to dark in an image. They are especially useful for landscape and nature photography, as they can help to create a more dramatic and dynamic effect in the sky. Graduated ND filters are available in a range of strengths, from 1 stop to 10 stops, depending on the photographer’s needs.
Variable ND Filters
Variable ND filters are used to allow the photographer to adjust the amount of light that enters the lens. They are especially useful for long exposure photography, as they can help to create a longer exposure time without using a bulky ND filter. Variable ND filters are available in a range of strengths, from 2 stops to 15 stops, depending on the photographer’s needs.
Remote Shutter Release
Wireless Control
A remote shutter release is an essential accessory for freelance photographers as it allows them to capture the perfect shot without having to physically touch the camera. With wireless control, photographers can trigger the camera’s shutter from a distance, enabling them to capture images without causing camera shake or blur. This is particularly useful when shooting in low light conditions or when trying to capture fast-moving subjects.
Vibration Reduction
Many cameras have built-in vibration reduction technology, but a remote shutter release can further reduce camera shake and produce sharper images. By using a remote shutter release, photographers can eliminate the movement that can occur when pressing the camera’s shutter button, resulting in clearer and more detailed images.
Long Exposure Capabilities
A remote shutter release is also useful for photographers who need to capture long exposures. When using a remote shutter release, photographers can keep their hands away from the camera, reducing the risk of introducing camera shake during the exposure. This is particularly useful when shooting nightscapes, long exposure landscapes, or any other situation where a long exposure is required.
In summary, a remote shutter release is an essential accessory for freelance photographers as it allows them to capture sharp and blur-free images, particularly in low light conditions and when capturing long exposures.
Lighting Equipment
Flashguns
Output and Control
When it comes to flashguns, the output and control are essential factors to consider. A flashgun’s output refers to the amount of light it produces, measured in guide numbers. Control, on the other hand, refers to the ability to adjust the flash output to suit different shooting scenarios. A good flashgun should offer a range of output levels, from full power to low power, and the ability to control the flash output ratio, which determines how much of the flash is directed at the subject versus the background.
Recycle Time and Battery Life
Recycle time is the time it takes for the flashgun to recharge after a single flash. This is an important consideration for photographers who need to shoot rapidly, such as in sports or event photography. Battery life is also crucial, as a flashgun that drains batteries quickly can be a hindrance during a shoot. Look for flashguns with long battery life and the ability to use rechargeable batteries for extended shooting sessions.
TTL and High-Speed Sync
TTL (Through-The-Lens) metering is a common feature in flashguns, which automatically calculates the light output based on the distance and aperture of the lens. This allows for accurate flash exposure without the need for manual calculations. High-speed sync is another useful feature, which allows the flashgun to sync with shutter speeds faster than the X-sync speed of the camera. This is especially useful when shooting in bright light or with wide apertures.
Dedicated Pixel and Video Light
A dedicated pixel and video light is a feature that some flashguns offer, which provides a continuous light source for video recording or still photography. This can be a useful alternative to traditional flashguns, as it provides a more natural and consistent light source for longer shooting sessions. It is also useful for shooting in low light conditions, where traditional flashguns may not provide enough light.
Continuous Lighting
Continuous lighting is a crucial aspect of photography that can greatly impact the quality of your shots. In this section, we will delve into the various aspects of continuous lighting that freelance photographers should consider when selecting their equipment.
Soft Light and Consistency
Soft light is a key feature of continuous lighting that is highly desirable for photographers. Soft light creates a more natural and flattering look, reducing harsh shadows and highlights that can detract from an image. Additionally, continuous lighting is more consistent than flash lighting, which can help ensure that your shots have a consistent look and feel throughout the day.
Color Temperature and CRI
Color temperature is an important consideration for photographers, as it can affect the overall color balance of your shots. Continuous lighting sources typically have a higher color temperature than natural light, which can be adjusted to suit your needs. Color Rendering Index (CRI) is another important factor to consider, as it measures the ability of a light source to accurately reproduce colors. Higher CRI values indicate better color accuracy, which is especially important when working with subjects that require accurate color representation.
Power and Portability
Finally, continuous lighting sources must be powerful enough to provide adequate light for your shots, while also being portable enough to move around as needed. Battery-powered lights are a popular choice for freelance photographers, as they offer the convenience of portability without sacrificing power. However, it’s important to consider the runtime of the lights you choose, as well as the type of batteries they use, to ensure that you have enough power for your entire shoot.
Overall, continuous lighting is an essential component of any freelance photographer’s equipment arsenal. By considering the factors outlined above, you can select the best lighting equipment for your needs and take your photography to the next level.
Light Modifiers
Light modifiers are essential tools for freelance photographers to control and shape the light in their images. They help to modify the harshness of a light source and create a more pleasing and flattering light for their subjects. There are several types of light modifiers that a freelance photographer should consider investing in.
Diffusers and Soft Boxes
Diffusers and soft boxes are popular light modifiers used by photographers to soften the light and create a more natural look. They work by spreading the light over a larger area, reducing the intensity and harshness of the light. Diffusers can be made from a variety of materials, including translucent plastic, white foam board, or even an umbrella. Soft boxes are a more permanent solution and are available in a range of sizes to fit different light sources.
Reflectors and Snoots
Reflectors and snoots are light modifiers that are used to control the direction of the light. Reflectors are large, concave mirrors that are used to bounce light back onto a subject or a specific area of the scene. They are useful for filling in shadows and creating a more even light distribution. Snoots, on the other hand, are tube-shaped light modifiers that are used to direct the light towards a specific area of the scene. They are ideal for creating a spotlight effect or highlighting a specific part of the subject.
Gels and Filters
Gels and filters are accessories that can be used to modify the color and quality of light. They are transparent sheets of plastic that are placed over a light source to alter its color temperature or intensity. Gels come in a range of colors, including warm and cool tones, and can be used to create a specific mood or effect. Filters, on the other hand, are used to modify the quality of the light, such as reducing glare or adding a soft focus effect.
Overall, light modifiers are essential tools for freelance photographers to control and shape the light in their images. They help to create a more pleasing and flattering light for their subjects and can be used to achieve a range of creative effects. Diffusers and soft boxes are ideal for softening the light and creating a more natural look, while reflectors and snoots are useful for controlling the direction of the light. Gels and filters can be used to modify the color and quality of the light, allowing photographers to achieve a specific mood or effect.
Tripod and Stand Accessories
A tripod is a fundamental piece of equipment for photographers, as it allows for the capture of sharp and stable images. There are several accessories that can be used in conjunction with a tripod to enhance its functionality and performance.
Heads and Brackets
A tripod head is the component that attaches to the tripod and holds the camera. It is important to choose a head that is compatible with the camera and tripod being used. Ball heads are a popular choice, as they allow for precise control of the camera’s movement in all directions. Layered plates and geared heads are also options for more advanced users.
Brackets are another accessory that can be used in conjunction with a tripod head. They provide an additional point of contact between the camera and the tripod, helping to stabilize the camera and reduce camera shake. They are particularly useful when shooting with long lenses or in windy conditions.
Sandbags and Weight Plates
Sandbags and weight plates are accessories that can be used to weigh down a tripod and improve its stability. They are particularly useful when shooting in windy conditions or on uneven terrain. Sandbags are a popular choice, as they are inexpensive and easy to use. Weight plates are another option, and they can be stacked on top of each other to increase the weight and stability of the tripod.
Backup and Storage Solutions
External Hard Drives
External hard drives are a must-have for any freelance photographer. They provide a convenient and secure way to store and backup your photos. When choosing an external hard drive, it’s important to consider factors such as storage capacity, interface type, and portability.
- Storage Capacity: The amount of storage you need will depend on the size of your photo library. For example, if you have a large photo library, you may need a hard drive with a high storage capacity.
- Interface Type: The type of interface you choose will depend on your computer’s capabilities. For example, if your computer has a USB-C port, you may want to choose a hard drive with a USB-C interface.
- Portability: If you need to take your hard drive with you on the go, it’s important to choose a portable model. Some hard drives are designed to be compact and lightweight, making them easy to take with you.
Cloud Storage Services
Cloud storage services provide a convenient and secure way to store and access your photos from anywhere. When choosing a cloud storage service, it’s important to consider factors such as storage capacity, file size limits, and pricing.
- Storage Capacity: The amount of storage you need will depend on the size of your photo library. For example, if you have a large photo library, you may need a cloud storage service with a high storage capacity.
- File Size Limits: Some cloud storage services have file size limits, so it’s important to choose a service that can handle the largest files in your photo library.
- Pricing: Cloud storage services can range from free to expensive, depending on the amount of storage you need and the features you require. It’s important to choose a service that fits within your budget.
Dual-SD Card Slots
Dual-SD card slots allow you to use two SD cards at once, providing a convenient and reliable way to store your photos. When choosing a camera, it’s important to consider whether it has dual-SD card slots and whether they are compatible with your existing SD cards.
- Compatibility: Make sure the dual-SD card slots are compatible with your existing SD cards. Some cameras may require specific types of SD cards, so it’s important to choose a camera that can use your existing cards.
- Compatibility with Other Equipment: If you plan to use the dual-SD card slots with other equipment, such as an external hard drive or cloud storage service, make sure the equipment is compatible with the SD cards you plan to use.
Other Essential Gear
Headphones and Microphones
For freelance photographers, having a reliable set of headphones and microphones is essential for communicating with clients, attending virtual meetings, and recording audio for multimedia projects. Over-ear headphones provide superior sound quality and noise cancellation, making them ideal for editing and post-production work. On the other hand, in-ear headphones are lightweight and portable, making them perfect for on-location shoots.
Microphones, on the other hand, are crucial for capturing high-quality audio for interviews, voiceovers, and multimedia projects. A lavalier microphone is a popular choice for photographers as it is easy to wear and can be clipped onto clothing. A shotgun microphone, on the other hand, is ideal for capturing audio from a distance and is perfect for outdoor shoots.
Extra Batteries and Chargers
Freelance photographers often work long hours on location, and having a spare battery or two can be a lifesaver. Portable chargers are also a must-have for photographers who are always on the move. Some photographers prefer to carry a charger that is specifically designed for their camera battery, while others opt for a universal charger that can charge multiple devices.
Memory Cards and Wallets
Memory cards are an essential part of any photographer’s kit, and having a few spare cards can be helpful in case of emergencies. Wallets are also an important accessory for photographers, as they help to protect memory cards from damage and keep them organized. Leather wallets are a popular choice for photographers, as they are durable and can be customized to fit the photographer’s needs.
Camera Straps and Harnesses
Camera straps and harnesses are essential for photographers who want to keep their camera secure while on location. Camera straps come in a variety of materials, including leather, nylon, and polyester, and can be worn across the body or around the neck. Harnesses, on the other hand, are designed to distribute the weight of the camera evenly across the body, making them ideal for photographers who spend long hours on location.
Workflow and Editing Tools
Freelance photographers need to have a solid workflow in place to manage their photos and stay organized. Lightroom and Photoshop are essential tools for photographers, and having a powerful computer or laptop to run these programs is crucial. A portable hard drive or cloud storage is also necessary for backing up photos and keeping them safe.
Insurance and Legal Documents
As freelance photographers, it is important to have the right insurance and legal documents in place to protect themselves and their clients. General liability insurance can help protect photographers from financial loss due to accidents or damage to equipment. A model release form is also essential for photographers who work with models, as it provides legal protection for both parties. Finally, a contract outlining the terms of the project is necessary for photographers who work with clients, as it helps to ensure that both parties are on the same page.
Future Upgrades and Expansions
As a freelance photographer, investing in lighting equipment is crucial for achieving the desired results in your photography. However, as technology advances and your skills improve, you may find that you need to upgrade or expand your lighting equipment to keep up with your evolving needs. In this section, we will discuss some of the future upgrades and expansions that you may consider as you progress in your photography career.
One potential upgrade is investing in more advanced lighting modifiers, such as softboxes, umbrellas, or reflectors. These accessories can help shape and control the light to create more complex and nuanced lighting setups. Additionally, investing in multiple light sources, such as studio strobes or continuous lights, can provide more versatility and control over your lighting.
Another expansion to consider is incorporating wireless control options for your lighting equipment. This can make it easier to adjust your lighting remotely, especially useful when working with multiple light sources or in larger spaces. Furthermore, investing in portable and compact lighting options can make it easier to transport your equipment to different locations or shoot on-the-go.
Finally, exploring alternative light sources, such as LED panels or battery-powered lights, can provide more sustainable and cost-effective options for your lighting setup. These alternatives can also offer unique benefits, such as the ability to recycle flashes or longer battery life.
In conclusion, future upgrades and expansions to your lighting equipment can provide new opportunities for creativity and control in your photography. As you continue to grow as a photographer, consider exploring these options to enhance your lighting capabilities.
Resources and Further Reading
- Books:
- “Light: Science and Magic: An Introduction to Photographic Lighting” by Steven Biver and Amanda Mustard
- “Lighting for Digital Photography: From Snapshots to Great Shots” by Syl Arena
- “The Art of Digital Photography: Techniques and Tips for Taking Stunning Photos” by Mark Dubovoy
- Online Resources:
- Strobist.com: A website dedicated to teaching photography lighting techniques and equipment reviews
- The Photography Talk Forums: A community-driven forum where photographers can ask questions and share knowledge about lighting equipment and techniques
- YouTube Channels:
- DIY Photography: A YouTube channel with tutorials on how to build your own lighting equipment and modifiers
- The Slanted Lens: A YouTube channel with tutorials on lighting techniques and equipment reviews
- Blogs:
- Flashes & Lights: A blog dedicated to reviews and tutorials on photography lighting equipment
- The Lighting Guide: A blog with detailed tutorials and information on different types of lighting equipment and techniques
- Webinars:
- Pro Photo Show: A series of webinars featuring interviews with professional photographers and lighting equipment reviews
- The Photography Show: An annual online event featuring expert talks, product launches, and interviews with photographers on the latest lighting techniques and equipment.
FAQs
1. What equipment do I need as a freelance photographer?
As a freelance photographer, you will need a camera, lenses, and other accessories such as a tripod, memory cards, and a camera bag. It is important to invest in high-quality equipment that will help you produce high-quality images.
2. What type of camera should I use as a freelance photographer?
There are many types of cameras available on the market, including DSLRs, mirrorless cameras, and compact cameras. It is important to choose a camera that fits your needs and budget. DSLRs and mirrorless cameras are popular choices for freelance photographers because they offer high-quality images and a wide range of features.
3. What lenses do I need as a freelance photographer?
The type of lenses you need will depend on the type of photography you plan to do. For example, if you plan to take portraits, you will need a lens with a wide aperture. If you plan to take landscape photos, you will need a wide-angle lens. It is important to invest in high-quality lenses that will help you produce high-quality images.
4. What other accessories do I need as a freelance photographer?
In addition to a camera and lenses, you will need other accessories such as a tripod, memory cards, and a camera bag. A tripod will help you stabilize your camera and capture sharp images. Memory cards will allow you to store your images. A camera bag will help you transport your equipment safely.
5. How do I choose the right camera and lenses for my needs?
It is important to research the different types of cameras and lenses available on the market and choose the ones that fit your needs and budget. You should consider factors such as image quality, features, and price when making your decision. You may also want to consult with other photographers or experts in the field to get their recommendations.
